Saturday, December 28, 2019

The Sistine Chapel and the Creation of Adam - 900 Words

The Sistine Chapel and the Creation of Adam Michelangelo(1475-1564) The sistine Chapel and mainly the Creation of Adam fresco are treasures to the world of art, Michelangelo the creator brought his discipline of sculpting into painting the frescoes and the human silhouette. The story of the Sistine Chapel starts with the building itself, built in 1473 under the supervision of Giovannino de Dolci. It is located in Vatican, Which is almost like the capital for catholicism. Vatican being the home the pope and college of cardinals. The chapel being famous in todays day in age for being the conclave of the cardinals, where the new pope is voted on and elected. The main attraction to the Chapel today is the ceiling painted†¦show more content†¦His first love being sculpting had to be put to the side for the project of the Sistine Chapel. He reluctantly agreed to Paint the ceiling. This persuasion was a plot to discredit Michelangelo by artistic community of Rome.†By 1508 the artistic community of Rome †¦felt so threatened by Michelange los mercurial rise to fame that they devised a plot intended to discredit and degrade the young artist.†(eyewitnesstohistory) .They were very wrong in their plan to destroy the young artist â€Å"They were convinced that the young sculptor, who had never attempted a fresco before, would inevitably fail†(eyewitnesstohistory). â€Å"Wet fresco is the most enduring medium for wall painting†(Martin and Jacobus,2008) The Frescos that Michelangelo chose to do are very highly influenced by sculpting and the human body. The nine scenes in the ceiling’s middle are all from bible stories. The scenes all depict stories from the book of genesis, starting with the scene of god separating light from dark and ending with scenes from the story of Noah. Foremost a sculptor Michelangelo uses his hands to almost carve the human figure out of paint and lines. These distinct painting style of the renaissance with a jubilation and celebration of the bodies painted, gives a proud sense of work. This proud sensation is perfect for the location in a place of celebrating God. The Fresco scene I chose to focus on is the one that might wellShow MoreRelatedMichelangelo s Creation Of Eve1416 Words   |  6 PagesMichelangelo’s Creation of Eve To the average person, Michelangelo s Sistine Ceiling is renowned for its grandeur, its dense scenes, but especially its iconic Creation of Adam. After all, Vasari described Michelangelo’s Adam as a â€Å"figure whose beauty, pose, and contours are of such a quality that he seems newly created by his Supreme and First Creator rather than by the brush and design of a mere mortal† (Varghese 191-192). And while this is true, while the attention-drawing Creation of Adam is immortallyRead MoreThe Creation Of Adam s Ceiling Essay1315 Words   |  6 Pagesarthistory.about.com The Creation of Adam is a fresco painting by Michelangelo, which is on the Sistine Chapel s ceiling. The Sistine Chapel forms part of the large Papal Chapel built within the Vatican by Pope Sixtus IV. Pope Julius II asked Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel’s ceiling in 1508. Michelangelo painted the ceiling from July 1508 to October 1512. The creation of Adam was painted in 1511. In fact, T he Creation of Adam took less than three weeks to complete. In the Sistine Chapel’s this paintingRead MoreThe Period Of The Renaissance1449 Words   |  6 PagesMichelangelo Buonarroti.1 Michelangelo created many masterpieces in his lifetime, but the most astounding piece of   work he has done is the fresco on the ceiling of Rome’s Sistine Chapel along with the The Last Judgment on the altar wall that was commissioned by Pope Paul III. Michelangelo’s work for the paintings done in the Sistine Chapel would be one of the most influential frescos of his time with its patronage and ideas of the Renaissance.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Michelangelo was born on March 6, 1495 in Caprese, a smallRead MoreThe Renaissance Painting : Leonardo Da Vinci And Leonardo Da Vinci971 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Sistine Chapel ceiling. Leonardo Da Vinci became known for two of his paintings, â€Å"Mona Lisa† and â€Å"The Last Supper†. Throughout Michelangelo’s life, he was an architect, sculptor, painter, poet, and engineer. Although his first sculptor of the â€Å"Pietà  Ã¢â‚¬  was well known, his paintings of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican in Rome were more well known because of the religious meaning behind the Western-oriented artwork. The background behind his paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine ChapelRead MoreThe Sistine Chapel : An Extension Of A Primary Religious Place Of Fellowship2129 Words   |  9 PagesThe Sistine Chapel The Sistine Chapel is a large chapel, which is a religious place of fellowship, prayer and worship that is attached to a larger, often nonreligious institution or that is considered an extension of a primary religious institution. The Chapel is located in Vatican City, Rome and is in the Apostolic Palace. It is known for its Renaissance art, especially for the ceiling art that was painted by Michelangelo, and attracts more than 5 million visitors each year (Szalay, 2013). TheRead MoreThe True Worship of Michelangelo in the film The Agony and the Ecstasy1395 Words   |  6 Pagestranslate that to his followers. The film follows their warring relationship and Michelangelo’s progress on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, as well as notes the inspiration that Michelangelo gets from God for his work on this ceiling. In this film, Michelangelo is first commissioned by the Pope to execute a design for the 12 apostles on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Michelangelo accepts this commission begrudgingly; he has no choice but to accept. Michelangelo begins to paint the apostlesRead MoreThe Geniuses Artist Michelangelo Essay816 Words   |  4 PagesMichelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni better known as Michelangelo is one of the greatest artistic geniuses of the Italian Renaissance or that every lived for that matter, some of his works include his sculpture of David, ceiling paintings of the Sistine chapel, and also the Pieta. Michelangelo was born in Caprese, Italy in 1475 to Leonardo di Buonarrota Simoni and Francesca Neri. During the time of his birth Michelangelo’s father was a magistrate in the town of Caprese but moved his family to FlorenceRead MoreMichaelangelos Magic Hands975 Words   |  4 PagesMichelangelo’s Magic Hands Michelangelo was the greatest artist of the Renaissance Era. He was very diverse he was a sculptor, painter and was a great architect. His painting in the Sistine Chapel was incomparable, his sculptor of David is a masterpiece, and his building of St Peters is iconic. Without these masterful art pieces Art would not be where it is today. Being able be an amazing painter, sculptor, and architect proves how Michelangelo was the greatest artist of the Renaissance Era. NowRead MoreThe Three Pieces Of Art906 Words   |  4 PagesIn Sutton Hoo the wealth is shown through the purse lid and it exquisite components it was made from, the Bayeux Tapestry shows the power of the Norman Conquest and their leader William the conquer, and finally the immaculate Sistine Chapel with emphasis on The Creation of Adam that shows the power of God and also the skill of Michelangelo. The Roman Legions withdrew from Britain in about 410 CE and over the next 150 years (where almost no records survived) the British began to gain most controlRead MoreMichelangelo : The Greatest Artists Of All Times1180 Words   |  5 Pagesstatue, Sistine Chapel ceiling paintings, and Pieta statue are some of his most widely recognized works that have lived to be appreciated and studied in diverse walks of life throughout the world. Studies regarding the artist have depicted that majority of his works showed a combination of psychological insight, physical realism and a kind of intensity that had never been seen before. People in the Italian Renaissance times were fully aware of his exceptional style of art (Unger 15). The creation of Pieta

Friday, December 20, 2019

Female Empowerment By Zora Neale Hurston And Their Eyes...

Female Empowerment in Zora Neale Hurston and Their Eyes Were Watching God Their Eyes Were Watching God was a book that presented the world with a new look on writing novels. Zora Neale Hurston’s experience in what she has seen through research was embodies in this novel. She demonstrates what data she has collected and intertwined it into the culture within the novel. While being a folklorist/anthropologist, and inspired by her life experiences, she developed a character who dealt with the issues that were not yet uncovered, female empowerment was one of them. Zora Neale Hurston defined this topic of female empowerment throughout the character Janie in Their Eyes Were Watching God. Empowerment for Hurston was a part of who she was, whether it was about her belief in independence or the love of her culture. She wrote about how she did not bother crying and complaining about her lifestyle in, â€Å"How it Feels to Be Colored Me†. Hurston embraces her identity and culture by saying I am not tragically colored. There is no great sorrow dammed up in my soul, nor lurking behind my eyes. I do not mind at all. I do not belong to the sobbing school of Negrohood who hold that nature somehow has given them a lowdown dirty deal and whose feelings are all hurt about†¦.No, I do not weep at the world—I am too busy sharpening my oyster knife (â€Å"How it Feels to Be Colored Me†153). Hurston prides herself on who she is because of her background. Her identity of being a black woman in a worldShow MoreRelated Finding Hope in Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay3095 Words   |  13 PagesFinding Hope in Their Eyes Were Watching God   Ã‚  Ã‚   Their Eyes Were Watching God recognizes that there are problems to the human condition, such as the need to possess, the fear of the unknown and resulting stagnation. But Hurston does not leave us with the hopelessness of Fitzgerald or Hemingway, rather, she extends a recognition and understanding of humanitys need to escape emptiness. Dem meatskins is got tuh rattle tuh make out theys alive (183) Her solution is simple: Yuh got tuh goRead MoreThe Continuous Injustice And Discrimination Have Served1667 Words   |  7 PagesThe continuous injustice and discrimination have served as a motivation for African Americans to create a voice for themselves. Although protests could be visualized as marches and sit-ins, they were not limited to these methods. African American writers made sure to create a space for themselves to protest and convince with their words and emotions put into their pieces.African American literature comprises of the African American culture itself. Wor ks that fall into this genre focus on the hardshipsRead More Comparison of Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God and Walkers Color Purple2383 Words   |  10 PagesA Comparison of Their Eyes Were Watching God and The Color Purple    Of Zora Neale Hurstons novel Their Eyes Were Watching God, Alice Walker says it speaks to me as no novel, past or present, has ever done.   Though 45 years separate Their Eyes Were Watching God and The Color Purple, the two novels embody many similar concerns and methods. Hurston and Walker write of the experience of uneducated rural southern black women. They find a wisdom that can transform our communal relations and ourRead MorePortrayal Of African American Women1538 Words   |  7 PagesAfrican American female sexuality. They are informed by historical experience and imagery therefore black women are perceived to be alluring and seductive with an uncontrollable sexual appetite. The characterization of African American women as a promiscuous Jezebels reaffirm society s belief that African American women are less individualistic. Is it possible for black women to express sexuality while not conforming to stereotypes? In an attempt to redefine black sexuality, black female artist s reclaimRead MoreA Comparison of Community in Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God and Morrisons Sula2078 Words   |  9 Pagesof Community in Their Eyes Were Watching God and Sula      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Community is an important concern in both black and womens literature. The racist and patriarchal nature of American society, what Morrison refers to as the master narrative of our culture, places blacks and women and especially black women in a position of powerlessness and vulnerability. Communities serve as a protective buffer within which black women must function in order to survive. However both Hurston and Morrison identifyRead MoreEssay about The Growth of Janie in Their Eyes Were Watching God2970 Words   |  12 PagesTheir Eyes Were Watching God      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Human beings love inertia. It is human nature to fear the unknown and to desire stability in life. This need for stability leads to the concept of possessing things, because possession is a measurable and definite idea that all society has agreed upon. Of course, when people begin to rely on what they know to be true, they stop moving forward and simply stand still. Zora Neal Hurston addresses these general human problems in her novel Their Eyes Were WatchingRead MoreHow One Fulfills A Dream?1570 Words   |  7 Pagescounterparts. Zora Neale Hurston, the accomplished author of Their Eyes Were Watching God knows this better than anyone. Being one of eight children of two former slaves, losing her mother at the age of thirteen, and living on her own as a teenager, Hurston has actively put her aspirations into her own hands. This tenacity has reflected onto many of her characters who often follow a similar path to herself. One of the most famous characters is Janie , the fierce female protagonist from Their Eyes Were WatchingRead MoreFeminist Ideals in Zora Neale Hustron ´s Eyes Were Watching God1430 Words   |  6 Pagesmore equal position in society. Among these progressive women stands Zora Neale Hurston, whose works are viewed as essential to the continuum of American feminist literature. One of the first great American black female writers, Hurston refused to concede to gender conventions and was often criticized for her deportment. And as a proponent for gender equality, Hurston penned her most acclaimed work Their Eyes Were Watching God. The bildungsroman novel follows the story of a fiercely independent AfricanRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God By Zora Neale Hurston1322 Words   |  6 Pages In the novel Their Eyes were Watching God, Zora Neale Hurston indicates the role of gender and how men are represented as superior beings compared to women. Janie represents the female protagonist in the novel and how she is affected by the gender role herself. Throughout the novel, Hurston discusses how the role of labor is represented differently for women in the eyes of men and how women are treated as if they are lower than men; and lastly how black men are treated lower than whiteRead MoreZora Neale Hurston s Poem, Sweat, A Story2069 Words   |  9 PagesZora Neale Hurston was born on January 07, 1891 in Notasulga, Alabama. Despite her actual birthplace, Hurston often claimed her birthplace to be in Eatonville, Florida. Hurston and her seven siblings were raised in the all Black town of Eatonville where her father was a preacher and mayor. Hurston grew up comfortably, able to bear witness to all aspects of Black life, including what it means to see Black people in pow er. She was even able to see the ugly side of Black life after the death of her

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Harlem Renaissance By Nathan Irvin Huggins Analysis Essay Example For Students

Harlem Renaissance By Nathan Irvin Huggins Analysis Essay Book Review of The Harlem Renaissance by Antonio Raglans 4/25/2010 In the book entitled Harlem Renaissance by Nathan Irvin Huggins a story is told about the time period before World War I and the following years in which a Black Metropolis was created unlike the world had ever seen. It was the largest and by far the most important black community in the world. It brought together black intellectuals from all over the world to this new Black Mecca with dreams of prosperity and change. Their common goal was the prosperity of the New Negro as Lain Locke called them. This New Negro was one that was cultured, educated, artistic, and would bring prosperity to the African-American. All these were the promises of the Harlem Renaissance. I think that his thesis was in the opening sentence when he talks about Harlem. When people saw Harlem, they saw opportunity, they saw a place where they could escape and enjoy artistic freedom. They saw liberation, they saw hope, they saw a place where confidence was in abundance. That confidence translated to the belief that reform could be attained. Sadly, Nathan Irvin Huggins points out that all they were was deceived by their dream. They all saw in Harlem much more than what was really there. A common life was that they could use their talents as a way of bridging the gap between the races. Unfortunately racism has been so deep rooted in the white American psyche that it would take more than the New Negro proving he had artistic talent to be accepted as one and the same. Huggins also cites that their art was compromised by the fact that it was intended for white patrons and was not a full reflection of them. Another mistake they made was not organizing a grass roots movement. The black political leaders failed to become a unified voting force and were unable to obtain true political power needed to bring about change. Huggins writes about how the motivation of many talented Afro-Americans relocation to Harlem was simple; they wanted to be where their talents would reach the most people. They wanted to be in a place where their talents could be cultivated. They saw inspiration in their people and they wanted to be where their talents would be appreciated. They came to find themselves through their race in Harlem. Upon their arrival in Harlem, Huggins points out that many artists like Longboats Hughes, Zorn Neal Hurst, and Claude McKay found new friends who were willing to lend a helping hand in their careers. The fact that all of these new helping hands were all white may have influenced the artistic integrity of their work. Huggins wrote Without the help and friendship of white men and publishers, there probably would have encouragement probably prevented those few men and women of real talent from wrestling with their senses and plodding through to those statements which the thrust of their lives and experience could force them to make (129). Huggins goes on to mention that Black artist found it difficult if not impossible to maintain their artistic integrity because they were dependent on their white patron. They had no Orca or leverage in publishing houses other than the demand of their white patrons. If they were to create something to critical they would run the risk of losing the white patrons as well as the white benefactors. Huggins backs his observation with the story of the Park Avenue Matron that at one time supported Zorn Neal Hurst, Louise Thompson, and Longboats Hughes. HN World History Ch. 10 The Renaissance and ReformationAs he put it, it did not matter the scathing criticism leaders like W. E. B. Dubos made in their editorials on black injustices it would not bring about any serious change. Unlike child labor and other topics of muckraking exposing them would not be enough to eradicate them. Huggins effectively proved to me that these white benefactors and white patrons influenced the work of black artist. Who knows what tone their works would have taken if they where liberated from white influences. Maybe they would have been razor sharp criticism like W. E. B. Dubos editorials. Unfortunately no one would ever know. As far as their failed attempt at reform he showed some of the mistakes they made but also mentioned that they laid the foundation for a civil rights movement that eventually brought about social change that these Harlem intellectuals promised. In a book review from Amazon. Com a reviewer mention that: More than any other period, it was during the Harlem renaissance in which the black community came of age culturally and came together as one united front against racism using cultural tools and its intellectual power and substance on par tit its white counterparts. Against all odds, they created a cultural oasis right in the middle of a sea of white hatred and racial recrimination. This flowering was something that was not only unexpected and shocking to the sensibilities of most whites, but shocking also to many blacks outside of New York, around the countryside. And although the flowering occurred across the board, its clearest expression took place in literature, art and music, which itself later was to become Americas transformation art form. American History_ found that Huggins book was disarmingly simple and exceedingly omelet. Solar went on explaining that the Harlem Renaissance was a Negro self- creation, and it was created in a place(Harlem) of sense and had become an urban Mecca where diversity, talent and energy would change the black persona. One last review that I found on ASTOR from Charles Davis of _American Literature_ stated that Huggins book was not the first full study assessment of black artists and of their intellectual an d cultural efforts in the decade following the first World War. Of course Huggins can not provide a full assessment during that time period which old confuse readers if you look at it from that point of view. I think that the first two reviews are in line with what I have been discussing through the whole review. During that era, African-Americans were struggling for freedom in the middle of a land full of hatred and racism. African-Americans wanted more freedom and it expressing it in various of categories such as art or music really helped freedom for blacks in todays society. The Authors sources are documented correctly. Book Review Huggins, Irvin, Nathan. Harlem Renaissance: Oxford University Press, New York, 1971

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

What Place Do Animals Have In Our Society free essay sample

But the deeper I dug the more enlightened I became on the subject, which led me to ask myself the question that when it comes to animal abuse and/or animal cruelty what rights do animals actually have, if any, and what place do they have in our society? Historically, animals did not have any rights or a place in our society, since they were considered solely as â€Å"property†. Today, the courts still solve issues under the same concept as if they are â€Å"property†. Animals should not be considered as property they should be considered as part of the family, as for production animals they should be treated with the utmost respect, and testing on animals should be done away with. By definition animal abuse and/or animal cruelty is inflicting physical pain, suffering or death on an animal, usually a tame one, beyond necessity for normal discipline. It can include neglect that is so monstrous (withholding food and water) that the animals has suffered, died, or been put in imminent danger of death. Unknown, 2012) Sometimes these animals escape with minor or major injuries. Other times they die a horrible death. A common mistake that many pet owners make is, when they first bought their pets, they didn’t give a thought to whether their pets would take up their time or require lots of attention. Neither are they aware that their small, cute pet would grow to become bigger and less cute in a couple of months. Thus, they lose interest and some will decide to â€Å"set their pet free. Some of these innocent animals get tied up to a tree, torched alive, their tails cut off, and many more cruel things done to them. The luckier ones get sent to animal shelters where they have a second chance in finding a good home. Also, there are cases of animals being used for the testing of medicines, cosmetics, etc. (Unknown, ZKJ Designs, 2007) On November 11, 2011 the South China Morning Post featured an article titled â€Å"Animals deserve justice for abuse† and it stated that whe n it comes to pet lovers’ cruelty to animals is as traumatizing as violence committed against human beings. Such abuse cases are not being followed up by the law enforcement properly, which could be perceived as an animal’s life is less valuable. But the police have realized that there is a need to â€Å"beef up† the training in the way they handle these matters. The training will consist of how to ascertain if an animal has been injured by a person, another animal, or simply by accident. Only 70 out of 687 reports of cruelty to animals between the years of 2007-2010 were deemed to be enough evidence for prosecution. However, the first step is just better investigation. (South China Morning Post, 2011) The San-Antonio Express-News published an article titled â€Å"Violence against pets, people linked† on January 8, 2012 states that when Animal Care Services (ACS) specialists investigate animal cruelty cases, they sift for clues of other types of aggression. And its that instinct that kicked in when an ACS specialist investigated a case of a man that was accused of seriously injuring a 5-year-old schnauzer named Chester. A year ago, the accused man and his wife were arguing when he snatched the dog from the wife’s arms and slammed him against a bathroom wall and bathtub, which caused the dog to be paralyzed. The man was charged with cruelty to animals. Recent studies show that 80% of households with family violence also have animal abuse. An ACS team member stated that they don’t think people realize how widespread it is, and explained that domestic abusers sometimes use the threat of hurting animals to control their partners. The connection was made by Phil Arkow in the late 1980’s when he visited a women’s shelter. While he was waiting to speak he was looking through a newsletter with drawings by children and saw a lot of killed or injured pets. About 60 battered women shelters across the country have kennels. 1 states allow judges include pets in domestic violence protective orders. (Davis, 2012) Some forms of abuse and neglect of animals are illegal, but in many states, animals have no legal protection from â€Å"standard† practices. (Anonymous, 2012) The following is a list of some common cruel practices: ? Chaining dogs restricts their ability to exercis e ? Caging birds denies them the opportunity to fly or stretch their wings ? Declawing is a painful mutilation that involves 10 individual amputations—not of the nails only but the ends of the toes (bones and all) ? Ear cropping is done for cosmetic purposes only (Anonymous, 2002) Debarking involves the removal of 2 folds of tissues on either side of the larynx (Anonymous, 2002) ? Shock collars, electric fences, and prong collars are painful training devices ? Animal hoarding (Anonymous, 2012) Not all animals are equal: hundreds of millions of animals raised for food each year in Australia are denied the full protection of animal cruelty laws despite the knowledge that all animals share the ability to suffer. As a result, so-called ‘production animals’ endure intense confinement and surgical procedures without pain relief—all of which would be a cruelty offense if those same animals were dogs or cats. Each state and territory in Australia has enacted animal cruelty laws, which reflect our society’s opposition to animal cruelty. However, few in the community are aware that governments included exemption in that legislation which results in the vast majority of animals in human care—some 500 million animals that are raised for food each year—being denied the full protection of these laws so that cruel animal industries can maximize their profits. Instead of being protected by the law, so-called ‘production animals’ are subject to ‘Codes of Practice’ which exempt animal industries from prosecution for cruelty. Common practices on farms that cause immense suffering are legalized in these codes. As a result, millions of farm animals endure horrific living conditions and acts of abuse such as debeaking, dehorning, castration, and the cutting of tails and pulling out teeth without anesthetic, despite these practices being cruelty offenses if performed on cats or dogs. Cruel animal industries, retailers, and governments mislead the community to believe that these codes exist to ensure the welfare of animals—when in fact they are directly responsible for permitting cruel practices. These animals have no voice and they need ours to help them. Unkown, Animals Australia the voice for animals). Many animals are used in scientific and medical research. Animal experimentation is both cruel and sometimes unnecessary, and humans have no right to put innocent animals through such torture. Scientists often don’t benefit from testing on animals as they are so different from human beings and r eact differently to drugs. Results obtained from experimenting on animals are sometimes unreliable. There are numerous cases that highlight the absurdity of assuming that humans and animals have biology sufficiently similar for experimentation to yield useful results. For example, morphine calms humans but excites cats, cortisone causes birth defects in mice but not in humans, penicillin kills guinea pigs and hamsters and aspirin poisons cats. Certain steroids, adrenaline, insulin, and some antibiotics are also toxic to many animals but medically beneficial to humans. Not only are results obtained from animals testing sometimes unreliable, but animal testing puts animals through a lot of unnecessary suffering. Some tests that are commonly used include the Draize Eye Test, the Lethal Dose 50 Percent (LD50), and Skin Test for Toxicity. These tests are used in the general cosmetic industry and in the household products industry. The Draize Eye Test is used to test shampoos, weed-killers, pesticides, household detergents, and riot natural gases. The substances are applied to the eyes of conscious rabbits in order to test irritancy. Rabbits, dogs, cats, mice, and guinea pigs are used in the LD50 test, and it’s used to test lipstick, skin-care products such as: moisturizers, cleaners, shampoos, and nail polish. The LD50 test is administered by introducing the ingredients under investigation into the animal via the mouth or intravenously. The animal is fed up to 50 percent of its body weight and the aim of the test is to find the dose which will kill half the animal sample. For the test to be valid statistically, a minimum of 50 animals are required. Rats are used in the Skin Test for Toxicity test. Their fur is shaved and the substance to be tested is applied thickly to the exposed skin. The skin is frequently broken or cut to increase absorption. (Unkown) Although I disagree with testing on animals for any reason, using animals in research is a concern to some. However, the benefits derived from the ethical, humane use of laboratory animals for biomedical research are huge. Nearly every major medical breakthrough in the last 100 years has been achieved by research with animals. For example, vaccinations against smallpox, measles, mumps, diphtheria, and tetanus; development of anesthesia, antibiotics, and insulin; use of cardiac pacemakers and heart bypass surgery; surgical advancements for organ transplants, hip replacements, and cataract surgery; and treatments for a host of diseases, including diabetes, multiple sclerosis, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and children’s leukemia were developed through animal testing. (Unknown, 2004) The replacement of animals in research is actually the aspiration of most medical researchers, because not a most scientist would use any animal if there were a choice. Biomedical research is aimed at alleviating both human and animal suffering through the development of new preventing and therapeutic agents. However, this aspiration cannot be achieved in the foreseeable future. All scientists who use animals are required to justify in great detail why there is no non-animal alternative and must describe how they are applying the â€Å"3Rs† (Reduction, Refinement, and Replacement) in their proposed studies. In particular, non-human primate models have played an important role in demonstrating, for example, the pre-clinical efficacy of novel drugs such as the highly effective agent tenofovir as well as the benefits of other strategies in the treatment and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Research using non-human primates also remains essential in the search for novel treatments for neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s dementia (Furman, 2009). All seven of Scotland’s MEP’s (Member of the European Parliament) signed last year a declaration in the European Parliament seeking a ban, eventually, on primate testing. We all agree that the use of primates in experiments is regrettable; so do Scotland’s scientists. But, if there is an outside chance of a cure for cancer, Alzheimer’s, MS, motor neuron disease, infertility, or any number of human ailments then Mr. Parton, for his part, fall on the side of Scotland’s flourishing biotech sector continuing experiments, subject to strict controls, until we no longer have to (Parton, 2009). The concern is that there are many just like me that disagree with the abuse or cruelty of animals; however, we use the makeup, use the medication, and eat the food that if it were not for these animals, none of this would be here. We should ask ourselves what is it that we can do to help these animals since they did not volunteer to be food for humans or a test subject so we can look pretty. When it comes to testing on the animals for makeup, why can’t we use humans since they can volunteer their services? Dr. Ian Gibson, a member of the Commons’ Innovation, Universities, Science and Skills Committee, said, â€Å"There is a great variety of impressive technologies to assess drugs in humans: the species in question. They deserve to be given a fair trial against animal tests, to find out whether they could do a better job of protecting patients. These new technologies coming through – using human tissue cells – mean we don’t need to go straight to animal testing. We have got locked into animal experiments as the only way. It’s still very important that we do that, but sometimes we don’t look at the alternatives. It states that one possible option is â€Å"micro dosing† – the practice of administering drugs in such low quantities that the effect can only take place at a cellular level, rather than on the organ or body as a whole. The dose is often administered to a tissue culture extracted from a human volunteer. (Adams, 2009) In conclu sion my position to animal abuse still stands the same that I for one am against it. However, unfortunately when it comes to ‘production animals’ or testing on animals I am standing on the fence. I know that if it were not for the testing on animals must of us humans would not be here today. And now when I sit down to eat a meal that contains meat I sometimes wonder if the animal that unwilling gave their life for me was ever abused at any time. References Unknown. (2007). ZKJ Designs. Retrieved 04 15, 2012, from http://www. nma. sg/nnmc2007/woodgrove/animalabuse. html South China Morning Post, L. (2011, November 11). LexisNexis Academic. Retrieved April 23, 2012, from http://www. lexisnexis. com. proxy. itt-tech. edu/hottopics/lnacademic/? Davis, V. T. (2012, January 8). LexisNexis Academic. Retrieved April 23, 2012, from http://www. lexisnexis. com. proxy. itt-tech. edu/ Anonymous. (2012). Retrieved 03 26, 2012, from http://www. peta. org/issues/Companion-Animals/Cruel-Practices. aspx Anonymous. (2002). Retrieved 03 26, 2012, from http://www. vet4petz. com/articles/cosmetic_surgery. htm Unkown. (n. d. ). Animals Australia the voice for animals. Retrieved 04 15, 2012, from http://www. animalsaustralia. org/take_action/legal-protection/ Unkown. (n. d. ). Retrieved 04 15, 2012, from http://members. iinet. net. au/~rabbit/aniexp. htm Unknown. 2004, November 18). News Medical. Retrieved April 16, 2012, from http://www. news-medical. net/news/2004/11/18/6385. aspx Furman, B. L. (2009, January 10). Retrieved April 16, 2012, from http://www. lexisnexis. com. proxy. itt-tech. edu Parton, C. (2009, January 13). Retrieved April 22, 2012, from http://www. lexisnexis. com. proxy. itt-tech. edu/hottopics/lnacademic/ Adams, S. (2009, January 25). The Telegraph. Re trieved May 07, 2012, from http://www. telegraph. co. uk/science/science-news/4339504/Human-alternatives-to-animal-testing-should-be-investigated-MPs-say. html